Skip to main content

Arturo Umberto Illia Biography

Arturo Umberto Illia

(Pergamino, 1900-Córdoba, 1983) Argentine politician, President of the Republic between 1963 and 1966.He completed his secondary studies at a Salesian institution and graduated as a doctor of medicine in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires.As a doctor for the State Railways, he settled in the city of Cruz del Eje, Córdoba province; but in 1930 he lost his job for political reasons.

Arturo Umberto Illia

Affiliated with the Radical Civic Union (UCR), in 1936 he was elected provincial senator and in 1940 vice-governor of the province of Córdoba.The coup of June 4, 1943, which overthrew the national authorities, also led to his dismissal as lieutenant governor.He was elected national deputy for the period 1948-1952.In March 1962, as a candidate for the UCR, he won the elections for governor of the province, but was unable to take office due to military pressure that forced President Arturo Frondizi to annul the elections, within the framework of a process that ended with the coup d'état that led to his overthrow.

He reached the first magistracy after having imposed with 21.15% of the votes the formula of the People's UCR (which he shared with Entre Ríos Carlos Perette) in the elections of July 7, 1963.The second place in the elections had been achieved by blank votes, with 19.72% of the votes, which were an expression of the resistance of the proscribed Peronism.Then followed the UCRI of Oscar Alende, with 16.40%; UDELPA, which responded to former de facto president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, with 7.49%; and forty-five more parties.

The Illia government was born with an intrinsic weakness: abstention from Peronism constituted a serious obstacle due to the fact that the unions adhered to that political tendency.Another element of weakness was the lack of a proper majority in the Chamber of Deputies.Finally, it had to deal with an army whose leaders had come from overthrowing President Frondizi, manipulating his successor José María Guido with the aim of outlawing Peronism and dividing into two lines that led to the armed confrontation between September 1962 and April 1962.following year.

Peronism had organized a front that proposed Vicente Solano Lima as a candidate, but it had been banned by the Minister of the Interior, General Osiris Villegas.Seven days before the elections, Raúl Matera, a Peronist leader and a prestigious doctor, was elevated as a candidate for Christian democracy, a fact that led to his veto by the government, which argued the violation of the Statute of political parties.Immediately, the political and union branches of the justicialismo proposed the blank vote, and accused radicalism of manipulating the norms in their favor, since the aforementioned statute, which prohibited the existence of Peronist or communist parties, had been drawn up by Carlos Adrogué, Guido's Minister of the Interior and a man from the UCR.

Illia's cabinet was integrated with Juan Palmero in the Interior portfolio, Miguel Zavala Ortiz in Foreign Relations, Leopoldo Suárez in Defense, Eugenio Blanco and then Juan Carlos Pugliese in Economics, Carlos Alconada Aramburú in Education and Justice, Miguel Ferrando in Public Works and Services, Arturo Oñativia in Social Assistance and Public Health, and Fernando Solá in Labor and Social Security.

But Furthermore, the radical government was born from a party that Arturo Umberto Illia did not fully dominate.The president represented the so-called "Córdoba Line", a provincial tendency that enjoyed notorious independence at the national level.His candidacy was a compromise between the various sectors of radicalism, which actually expressed their misgivings about the national leadership faced by Ricardo Balbín, who had already been a candidate five years before and had been the loser.

One of the The first measures of the Illia government was to annul the oil contracts signed during the presidency of Arturo Frondizi, which, in the opinion of radicalism, seriously put national sovereignty at risk.The respective decree was later sent to the Chamber of Deputies, which formed a commission with the objective of investigating the validity of said contracts.After intense deliberations that prolonged for a year, the chamber ratified the decision of the Executive Power and accused the former president Frondizi and his minister Frigerio of "being responsible for the moral transgressions, the legal violations and the economic damages caused".

The conflict with Peronism had its first manifestation in a "Plan of struggle" proposed by the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) in January 1964, which consisted of days of progressive agitation until reaching the seizure of the establishments productive and conclude in twenty-four hours of simultaneous occupation throughout the country.The CGT's first step was to enlist the support of the opposition.Plant occupations began in the last days of May and lasted until July.Various union leaders were prosecuted for violating private property, but union mobilization continued.

In the early days of 1964, a drug bill was presented in Congress that regulated aspects of their production and marketing, with the aim of avoiding the excesses committed by laboratories, especially foreign ones.The sanction of this law was seen by many political analysts as the cause that led to the overthrow of President Illia.

During his government the first guerrilla movements took place, especially in the north of the country.Guerrilla cells were deactivated in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Formosa, Buenos Aires and others, while statements in repudiation of communism, Castroism or left-wing Peronism appeared in the newspapers.General Juan Carlos Onganía, commander-in-chief of the army, declared his deep anti-communist conviction, and around mid-1965 the concept of ideological frontier appeared, through which military associations of anti-communist countries were promoted to "combat the threat of communism."

On October 3, 1965, the president of France, Charles De Gaulle, visited Argentina.Previously, there had been agitations in university and political circles that tried to link the figure of the French with that of Juan Domingo Perón.During the public event in which De Gaulle spoke, Peronist slogans were heard in the aforementioned sense; The same happened in Córdoba, where there were shots and police repression.

From Madrid, former president Juan Domingo Perón threatened to return to the country, and in Buenos Aires his supporters assured that he would do so during 1964.He was formed then a pro-return commission led by the leader of the Metallurgical Workers Union, Augusto T.Vandor.The former president tried to travel to Buenos Aires, but when the plane made a stop in Rio de Janeiro, he was not allowed to stay in Brazil or continue the trip, for which he had to return to Madrid.The Argentine Foreign Ministry had moved quickly and had asked the Brazilian government to re-dispatch the plane.

On March 14, 1965 elections were held to partially renew the Chamber of Deputies with the intervention of Peronism, which was acting under the name of Unión Popular.The ballot was won by this group by 50,000 votes over the official party, while the group that responded to former President Frondizi was relegated to third place.In any case, the government managed to maintain the first minority in deputies and, which was ultimately more important for the system, incorporated a part of Peronism into the rules of democratic coexistence.

Another problem, This time in the external sphere, it was caused by a coup in the Dominican Republic that ended with an intervention by the United States, which asked the member countries of the Organization of American States (OAS) to validate the measure and send turn troops.It was a hot ember in the hands of the Argentine Foreign Minister to reconcile the non-interventionist position that public opinion sought with the commitments assumed with the OAS.The Chamber of Deputies demanded that a decision such as the dispatch of troops pass through their hands.The government delayed any decision, which helped to strengthen the anti-government propaganda that accused the government of being slow to resolve important issues.

By mid-1965, rumors of a military coup began to spread.There was a a struggle between the commander-in-chief of the army, Juan Carlos Onganía, and the secretary of war Avalos, which ended with the resignation of the latter, in a demonstration of the power concentrated in the former.However, Onganía requested his retirement in November 1965, in a gesture that seemed to show a loss of power but was actually aimed at preserving his figure.

At the beginning of 1966, union conflicts with strikes intensified, mobilizations and occupations of plants, to which student riots were added in May demanding an increase in the educational budget.On May 29, Army Day, the Commander-in-Chief, General Pistarini, affirmed in the presence of President Illia that the government's indecisions were encouraging the persistence of Peronism.This was the first public display of displeasure on the part of the military.Meanwhile, various media outlets spoke openly of the coup in office, and gave different versions about its drivers and participants.

On June 28 the prepared coup took place; the armed forces acted jointly and without misunderstanding among its components.Arturo Umberto Illia did not have any support among the military, and was evicted from the government house by a company of gas launchers.General Juan Carlos Onganía immediately assumed the presidency.

The government of President Illia fell due to its weaknesses from birth, in particular due to the limited electoral support, to which was added the gigantic agreement between the armed forces and certain sectors of journalism in complicity with an important part of Peronist unionism.These sectors postulated that the slowness and irresolution of the executive power constituted an obstacle in the race towards the modernization of society.Economically, the Illia government took advantage of the momentum of the exit from the economic crisis of 1962-63 and, with the right measures, achieved a reactivation.The gross domestic product and the industrial product grew, the trade balance obtained favorable balances and inflation fell.

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Giacomo Fauser Biography

Giacomo Fauser (Novara, 1892- id ., 1971) Italian industrialist.With studies in chemical engineering, he carried out interesting research in the field of production processes by synthesis of nitrogen compounds, especially nitrogen fertilizers.

The history and origin of the Earth

The planet Earth 4.5 billion years ago was a mass of clustered rocks whose core melted the planet.Over time it dried and cooled to form a crust solid and consistent.After a long cooling process, the formation of gases and the interaction with the air is the atmosphere . Index of the article Formation of the solar system The scientific studies confirm that it does around of 13.8 billion years there was a big explosion that they called Big Bang .The exorbitant force that was unleashed dispersed all the matter that was in all possible directions at speeds too exorbitant.As time went by, they moved away from the place of the explosion and slowed down.The nearby matter stayed for p roast to be what are now the galaxies . In the immediate vicinity of the limit of our galaxy is the Via Lactea. These fractions of matter were condensed in a dense cloud about 5,000 million years ago.All this matter was constituting a huge mass thanks to gravitational forces, until a sphere ...

Tibet - History and Culture of Tibet in the 20th century

As we said in the previous article when we talked about the new Chinese repression in the Tibet , this region has lived through centuries of continuous invasions that have only served to obscure its memory and slowly exterminate its culture. The first Mongols, the English, the Indians and the Chinese , have razed their lands, devastating an already poor population in itself, and the monasteries and the Tibetans themselves are suffering the end of their pure race, because by their blood they already run the traces of the different empires that have dominated it to the point that two thirds of their population is Chinese. Little Tibet is known before the tenth century.Perhaps it was in those centuries when this region could be considered totally independent.But it was in the eleventh century II when they suffered their first invasion: that of the Mongol Empire .While it is true that during the centuries that the Mongol Empire dominated Tibet, the country's government enjo...

Agustín de Zárate Biography

Agustín de Zárate (Valladolid, around 1514-Seville ?, around 1577) Spanish historian.In 1528 he was appointed secretary of the Royal Council of Castile.In 1543 he passed to Peru as a grant accountant for said region and Tierra Firme, with the task of putting in order the boxes of the Royal Treasury of that province, going there in the squad that led Viceroy Núñez Vela.Secretary of the Court, he was involved in the civil strife that ravaged the country.Before the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, Agustín de Zárate sided with Viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela.Later Carlos I awarded his services with the position of governor of the Hacienda de Flandes.In his leisure he composed History of the discovery and conquest of Peru (Antwerp, 1555), which includes from the conquest of the territory to its pacification by Pedro de La Gasca. Methodical writer and good stylist, his work, not very original, enjoyed high prestige and was translated into Italian, English, French and German.Zárate shows a rema...

George dewey Biography

George Dewey (Montpelier, 1837-Washington, 1917) American admiral, famous for commanding the North American fleet that defeated the Spanish in Manila Bay.He began his military studies at the Norwich School (New Hampshire), and in 1854 he entered the Annapolis Naval Academy, where he graduated in 1858.After serving on the steam frigate USS Wabash bound for the Mediterranean fleet, in 1861 he returned to the Naval Academy to obtain the rank of lieutenant. George Dewey When the civil war broke out that same year, he was assigned to the Mississippi frigate with the mission of participating in the blockade of the coast of the Confederacy, and commanding this ship took part in the Battle of New Orleans (April 1862).In 1863 he fought under the orders of Admiral David Farragut at the Battle of Port Hudson, in which the Mississippi was destroyed.Later he was appointed commander of the Monongahela, flagship of Admiral Farragut, and of the Kearsarge, in which he served when the war ended. ...

César Oviedo linen Biography

Lino César Oviedo (Lino César Oviedo Silva; Juan de Mena, 1944) Paraguayan coup general.He completed a career in military academies in Germany.As a Paraguayan military officer, on February 3, 1989, and with the rank of colonel, his intervention was decisive in the overthrow of President Alfredo Stroessner. From this moment on, the promotions in Oviedo's military career followed one another.In May of that same year he was promoted to Brigadier General and in December 1991 to Division General.In that period of time, he served, first, as Head of the 1st Cavalry Division and, later, that of the 1st Army Corps, a position he held until the end of 1993, the year in which he became commander of the Army. He was only promoted to general in the Army when he starred in the most important political-military crisis of the democratic process in Paraguay.On April 22, 1996, and with the support of loyal commanders, he declared in absentia against President Juan Carlos Wasmosy.The military ...

The Mayan Religion

The Mayans inhabited Central America in the centuries before the Conquest of America, developing a highly evolved civilization.In it, religious beliefs played an essential role that we will talk about in the next article.In About History we talk to you now of the Mayan Religion . The Mayan religionThe Mayan calendarsThe Mayan ceremoniesOther entities in the Mayan religionVideo of the Mayan religion The Mayan religion : The religion of the Mayan culture was characterized basically for the passing of life around infinite cycles of the universe .that way, it will be possible to be noticed that the Mayan religion finds its roots in time, being this diagrammed by means of diverse systems of calendars based on different patterns, dividing the life cycles of the Mayan culture . The Mayas believed that the world had been created five times and destroyed four times , this being the basis of the Mesoamerican religious culture that spread from the year 900 onwards, later a...

Higinio Uriarte Biography

Higinio Uriarte (Asunción, 1843-1909) Paraguayan politician who reached the provisional presidency of his country between 1877 and 1878, after the death of Juan Bautista Gill.He studied in Buenos Aires and returned to Asunción at the end of the War of the Triple Alliance (1865-1870).He was a senator with Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, and later a deputy and president of the Chamber. Higinio Uriarte During the presidential period of Juan Bautista Gill (1874-1877) was elected vice president of the Republic.Higinio Uriarte acceded to the presidency in April 1877, after Gill's assassination in Asunción.In October 1877 he put down an uprising led by Cirilo Antonio Rivarola.During his tenure, US President Rutherford Hayes, arbitrator in territorial disputes after the War of the Triple Alliance, ruled that large tracts of the Chaco were Paraguayan domain. His government had to face the difficult economic and social situation in which the country had been after the War of the Triple All...

Charles II, the Bewitched

Carlos II was laultima, the most degenerate, and the most patent victim of the inbreeding of the Austrias.These words, by the British historian John Lynch, may seem excessive and somewhat loaded in the adjectives.But if we take a look at the history doctor who for thirty-five years was King Carlos II of Spain maybe we change our mind. Index of the article Carlos II, the Bewitched Carlos II was a soul quite unfortunate .Born at the end of a long line of inbreeding, he suffered health problems throughout his life, although short.Badly disfigured, he was considered unable to govern and, during his lifetime, most of the power was in the hands of his mother, Mariana of Austria.He was the last of the Spanish rulers of the Habsburgs and with his time on the throne, Spain fell into decline as an empire.Some of the wild rumors about his health were true, others pure sensation.However, his tragic life was also full of intrigue, and his death plunged much of Europe into a major war. ...