Skip to main content

Arturo Umberto Illia Biography

Arturo Umberto Illia

(Pergamino, 1900-Córdoba, 1983) Argentine politician, President of the Republic between 1963 and 1966.He completed his secondary studies at a Salesian institution and graduated as a doctor of medicine in the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires.As a doctor for the State Railways, he settled in the city of Cruz del Eje, Córdoba province; but in 1930 he lost his job for political reasons.

Arturo Umberto Illia

Affiliated with the Radical Civic Union (UCR), in 1936 he was elected provincial senator and in 1940 vice-governor of the province of Córdoba.The coup of June 4, 1943, which overthrew the national authorities, also led to his dismissal as lieutenant governor.He was elected national deputy for the period 1948-1952.In March 1962, as a candidate for the UCR, he won the elections for governor of the province, but was unable to take office due to military pressure that forced President Arturo Frondizi to annul the elections, within the framework of a process that ended with the coup d'état that led to his overthrow.

He reached the first magistracy after having imposed with 21.15% of the votes the formula of the People's UCR (which he shared with Entre Ríos Carlos Perette) in the elections of July 7, 1963.The second place in the elections had been achieved by blank votes, with 19.72% of the votes, which were an expression of the resistance of the proscribed Peronism.Then followed the UCRI of Oscar Alende, with 16.40%; UDELPA, which responded to former de facto president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, with 7.49%; and forty-five more parties.

The Illia government was born with an intrinsic weakness: abstention from Peronism constituted a serious obstacle due to the fact that the unions adhered to that political tendency.Another element of weakness was the lack of a proper majority in the Chamber of Deputies.Finally, it had to deal with an army whose leaders had come from overthrowing President Frondizi, manipulating his successor José María Guido with the aim of outlawing Peronism and dividing into two lines that led to the armed confrontation between September 1962 and April 1962.following year.

Peronism had organized a front that proposed Vicente Solano Lima as a candidate, but it had been banned by the Minister of the Interior, General Osiris Villegas.Seven days before the elections, Raúl Matera, a Peronist leader and a prestigious doctor, was elevated as a candidate for Christian democracy, a fact that led to his veto by the government, which argued the violation of the Statute of political parties.Immediately, the political and union branches of the justicialismo proposed the blank vote, and accused radicalism of manipulating the norms in their favor, since the aforementioned statute, which prohibited the existence of Peronist or communist parties, had been drawn up by Carlos Adrogué, Guido's Minister of the Interior and a man from the UCR.

Illia's cabinet was integrated with Juan Palmero in the Interior portfolio, Miguel Zavala Ortiz in Foreign Relations, Leopoldo Suárez in Defense, Eugenio Blanco and then Juan Carlos Pugliese in Economics, Carlos Alconada Aramburú in Education and Justice, Miguel Ferrando in Public Works and Services, Arturo Oñativia in Social Assistance and Public Health, and Fernando Solá in Labor and Social Security.

But Furthermore, the radical government was born from a party that Arturo Umberto Illia did not fully dominate.The president represented the so-called "Córdoba Line", a provincial tendency that enjoyed notorious independence at the national level.His candidacy was a compromise between the various sectors of radicalism, which actually expressed their misgivings about the national leadership faced by Ricardo Balbín, who had already been a candidate five years before and had been the loser.

One of the The first measures of the Illia government was to annul the oil contracts signed during the presidency of Arturo Frondizi, which, in the opinion of radicalism, seriously put national sovereignty at risk.The respective decree was later sent to the Chamber of Deputies, which formed a commission with the objective of investigating the validity of said contracts.After intense deliberations that prolonged for a year, the chamber ratified the decision of the Executive Power and accused the former president Frondizi and his minister Frigerio of "being responsible for the moral transgressions, the legal violations and the economic damages caused".

The conflict with Peronism had its first manifestation in a "Plan of struggle" proposed by the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) in January 1964, which consisted of days of progressive agitation until reaching the seizure of the establishments productive and conclude in twenty-four hours of simultaneous occupation throughout the country.The CGT's first step was to enlist the support of the opposition.Plant occupations began in the last days of May and lasted until July.Various union leaders were prosecuted for violating private property, but union mobilization continued.

In the early days of 1964, a drug bill was presented in Congress that regulated aspects of their production and marketing, with the aim of avoiding the excesses committed by laboratories, especially foreign ones.The sanction of this law was seen by many political analysts as the cause that led to the overthrow of President Illia.

During his government the first guerrilla movements took place, especially in the north of the country.Guerrilla cells were deactivated in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Formosa, Buenos Aires and others, while statements in repudiation of communism, Castroism or left-wing Peronism appeared in the newspapers.General Juan Carlos Onganía, commander-in-chief of the army, declared his deep anti-communist conviction, and around mid-1965 the concept of ideological frontier appeared, through which military associations of anti-communist countries were promoted to "combat the threat of communism."

On October 3, 1965, the president of France, Charles De Gaulle, visited Argentina.Previously, there had been agitations in university and political circles that tried to link the figure of the French with that of Juan Domingo Perón.During the public event in which De Gaulle spoke, Peronist slogans were heard in the aforementioned sense; The same happened in Córdoba, where there were shots and police repression.

From Madrid, former president Juan Domingo Perón threatened to return to the country, and in Buenos Aires his supporters assured that he would do so during 1964.He was formed then a pro-return commission led by the leader of the Metallurgical Workers Union, Augusto T.Vandor.The former president tried to travel to Buenos Aires, but when the plane made a stop in Rio de Janeiro, he was not allowed to stay in Brazil or continue the trip, for which he had to return to Madrid.The Argentine Foreign Ministry had moved quickly and had asked the Brazilian government to re-dispatch the plane.

On March 14, 1965 elections were held to partially renew the Chamber of Deputies with the intervention of Peronism, which was acting under the name of Unión Popular.The ballot was won by this group by 50,000 votes over the official party, while the group that responded to former President Frondizi was relegated to third place.In any case, the government managed to maintain the first minority in deputies and, which was ultimately more important for the system, incorporated a part of Peronism into the rules of democratic coexistence.

Another problem, This time in the external sphere, it was caused by a coup in the Dominican Republic that ended with an intervention by the United States, which asked the member countries of the Organization of American States (OAS) to validate the measure and send turn troops.It was a hot ember in the hands of the Argentine Foreign Minister to reconcile the non-interventionist position that public opinion sought with the commitments assumed with the OAS.The Chamber of Deputies demanded that a decision such as the dispatch of troops pass through their hands.The government delayed any decision, which helped to strengthen the anti-government propaganda that accused the government of being slow to resolve important issues.

By mid-1965, rumors of a military coup began to spread.There was a a struggle between the commander-in-chief of the army, Juan Carlos Onganía, and the secretary of war Avalos, which ended with the resignation of the latter, in a demonstration of the power concentrated in the former.However, Onganía requested his retirement in November 1965, in a gesture that seemed to show a loss of power but was actually aimed at preserving his figure.

At the beginning of 1966, union conflicts with strikes intensified, mobilizations and occupations of plants, to which student riots were added in May demanding an increase in the educational budget.On May 29, Army Day, the Commander-in-Chief, General Pistarini, affirmed in the presence of President Illia that the government's indecisions were encouraging the persistence of Peronism.This was the first public display of displeasure on the part of the military.Meanwhile, various media outlets spoke openly of the coup in office, and gave different versions about its drivers and participants.

On June 28 the prepared coup took place; the armed forces acted jointly and without misunderstanding among its components.Arturo Umberto Illia did not have any support among the military, and was evicted from the government house by a company of gas launchers.General Juan Carlos Onganía immediately assumed the presidency.

The government of President Illia fell due to its weaknesses from birth, in particular due to the limited electoral support, to which was added the gigantic agreement between the armed forces and certain sectors of journalism in complicity with an important part of Peronist unionism.These sectors postulated that the slowness and irresolution of the executive power constituted an obstacle in the race towards the modernization of society.Economically, the Illia government took advantage of the momentum of the exit from the economic crisis of 1962-63 and, with the right measures, achieved a reactivation.The gross domestic product and the industrial product grew, the trade balance obtained favorable balances and inflation fell.

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Albert I of Belgium Biography

Albert I of Belgium (Brussels, 1875-Marche-les-Dames, 1934) King of Belgium (1909-34), nephew and successor of King Leopold II of Belgium.Son of Philip, Count of Flanders, and Princess Maria de Hohenzollern, from childhood he received a careful education and entered the prestigious École Militaire de Bruxelles.In 1900 he married Princess Isabel de Baviera, with whom he had two children: Leopoldo Felipe Carlos, future King Leopoldo III, and Carlos Teodoro Enrique. Albert I of Belgium That same year he made a long trip through the Belgian Congo in which he examined the hardships and needs that the territory demanded, so that, On his return, he recommended to the government the need to build a railway network in the colony, in addition to demanding a radical change in the treatment of its indigenous inhabitants, treated as slaves. In 1913, already as King of Belgium, Albert I made a diplomatic visit to Berlin, where he was informed by the German Emperor himself, Wilhelm II, of th...
Post a Comment
Read more

The colonial cast of Africa

The colonial cast of Africa by European powers was the product of the imperialism generated after the industrial revolution at the end of the 18th century.The distribution and appropriation of African lands was done, at first in disorder, and then, at the end of the 19th century, arbitrarily. When a little attention is paid to the political map of Africa it is not difficult to feel that there is something strange, something too tidy, in the borderline provision of the countries. The limits determine regions of approximately similar sizes, and in similar ways.The reason for this, it is not a coincidence, or some romantic agreement between the nations that today make up the continent. The political map of Africa , like so many others in the world, is the p roduct of the European colonization .But in the African case, the colonial cast was made without considering any kind of cultural, social, or economic factors of the region. Africa was geographically divide...
Post a Comment
Read more

Edmund halley Biography

Edmund Halley (Edmund or Edmond Halley; London, 1656-Greenwich, Great Britain, 1742) English astronomer.He was the first to catalog the stars in the southern sky, in his work Catalogus stellarum australium .In 1682 he observed and calculated the orbit of the comet that bears his name, and announced his return at the end of 1758, according to a theory of his that defended the existence of elliptical path comets associated with the solar system.In the most important of his works, Synopsis astronomiae cometicae (1705), he applied Newton's laws of motion to all available data on comets.Among other contributions in the field of astronomy, he demonstrated the existence of proper motion in stars, which reduced the validity of the oldest observations, and studied the complete revolution of the Moon over a period of eighteen years.His Astronomical Tables , on which he worked until his death, were valid for many years. Edmund Halley Contributor From Newton in his works on the grav...
Post a Comment
Read more

Hispanic Heritage Day

Hispanic Day , National Holiday of Spain , Festa Nacional d'Espanya , Festa Nacional de Espana or Espainiako Jai Nazionala : October 12 represents the same party for all of Spain, commemorating the discovery of America and celebrating the beginning of the Spanish Empire. Image ine.es The discovery of America took place in 1492, when the Spanish fleet under Cristobal Colon, under the consent of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain , divided this new continent that would later be the product of new conquests, allowing to expand the domain of Spain towards new lands, giving rise to the birth of Spanish Empire . The celebrations take place every October 12 in the Plaza de Colon of Madrid , headed by colorful military parades attended by members of the Spanish royalty, as well as the officials of all the powers of the State and most of the presidents of the Spanish autonomies. In turn, in numerous American countries of Spanish colonization they celebrate ...
Post a Comment
Read more

The battle of Waterloo: the end of Napoleon and the French Empire

During the history of mankind there have been certain events that have marked the beginning or end of a specific era, such as the death of Jesus Christ, the fall of the Roman Empire, the beginning and the end of world wars, the discovery of America and much more; but, on this occasion, we will talk about a fact that marked the end of the story of one of the most celebrated military and political characters of the 17th and 19th centuries: the end of Napoleon Bonaparte and the fall of the French Empire at the battle of Waterloo . Index of the article Causes of the battle of Waterloo First of all, In order to understand the causes that caused this battle of Waterloo you must place yourself in the historical context of that time. Napoleon was at a time when only his honor made him move forward, he returned from exile in the Elba Island (where he was for twelve months) and frustrated to see how Louis XVIII "lost" territories to return to ancient France. This fact...
Post a Comment
Read more

Prehistory: Neolithic societies who, when and where?

We were previously working on the Paleolithic period , in which the societies were characterized by a way of life based on the hunting and the collection. We saw "when and where" these men lived; and also "how they lived".Now we find a new stage of the prehistory , the period Neolithic .Man becomes a farmer, and from this there will be very radical changes in the history of humanity . Illustration representing women working in the agriculture Temporary Location It is considered that the beginning of agriculture was around 10,000 BC at that time, there was a great climate change on Earth.It was the end of the glaciation : removal of ice, rising temperature and rising sea and ocean level. The historical period that is associated with The first farmer societies is the " Neolithic ".This period begins around 8,000 BC and extends until 3,000 BC (when considered ending prehistory ). Spatial Location The transition from ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Alexandr Nicholov Protoguerov Biography

Alexandr Nicholov Protoguerov (Buldgaria, 1867-1928) Bulgarian nationalist leader who headed the Macedonian Inner Revolutionary Organization.This organization was created in 1893 to prevent the secession of Macedonia from Bulgaria and carried out a constant terrorist policy against the Turks, who had achieved dominance of Macedonia in the Treaty of Berlin (1878), at the time that Bulgaria consummated its independence. The organization headed by Protoguerov urged the Bulgarian government to enter the First World War, on the side of Germany, with the desire to build Greater Bulgaria, since Bulgaria had already established itself as a kingdom as early as 1908.Defeat in the war led to territorial cuts for Bulgaria and discontent was reflected in the revival of rival Macedonian organizations, led by Protoguerov, Todor Alexandrov and Ivancho Mihailov. These organizations fought openly against each other and dominated the politics of Bulgaria, until they were crushed in 1934.In 1923 Al...
Post a Comment
Read more

Claudio de Lorena Biography

Claudio de Lorena (Claude Gelleé or Claude Lorrain; Chamagne, near Mirecourt, 1600-Rome, 1682).French painter.The third of the children of a very humble family, he was orphaned very young and lived in Freiburg with the eldest of his brothers, who was a wood engraver.Around 1613 he went to Rome, where he was raised and later a student of the painter Agostino Tassi.From 1620 he made some trips and stayed in Naples, Nancy and Venice for a while, but in 1626 he returned to Rome, where he remained until his death. Around 1630 he met Nicolas Poussin, with whom he would join a great friendship.By that time he had already achieved notable fame as a landscape painter, and by 1638 he received numerous commissions from ecclesiastical personalities and the Roman aristocracy.Even the King of Spain, Felipe IV, commissioned him eight landscapes and seascapes, of which five are preserved in the Prado Museum. Villa in the Roman countryside (1647), by Claudio de Lorena In his painting, in add...
Post a Comment
Read more

The Church in the Middle Ages: influence and power

In a previous post we talked about Christianity and how I influence during the Middle Ages .Time of greater prominence and both political and economic power.We will tell you what exactly this power consisted of and how it was held ideologically. Index of the article The Middle Ages The Middle Ages is one of the most fascinating stages in history, a period that is strongly characterized by the existence of the Feudal System or Feudalism .A world of nobles, peasants, tributes, vassals, feuds, and weakened monarchies.But beyond this, the medieval world was dominated by the Catholic Church or Christian.that is essential that in order to understand the development of the middle ages, we investigate in depth the importance of Medieval Church . D In fact, we can say that the Catholic church had an influence on all the orders of life of the medieval age, and no sector of society remained oblivious to these influences. Various circumstances explain this extraordinary ecclesi...
Post a Comment
Read more

Adolf hitler Biography

Adolf Hitler (Braunau, Bohemia, 1889-Berlin, 1945) Top leader of Nazi Germany.After being appointed chancellor in 1933, he liquidated the democratic institutions of the republic and established a one-party dictatorship (the Nazi party, short for the National Socialist Party), from which he brutally repressed all opposition and promoted a formidable propaganda apparatus at the service of his ideas.: superiority of the Aryan race, nationalist and pan-Germanic exaltation, revenge militarism, anti-communism and anti-Semitism. Adolf Hitler The doctrine of "living space" and the pan-German ideal of uniting the German-speaking peoples would lead him to aggressive expansionism; In support of his belligerent policy, Hitler rearmed Germany and reorganized and modernized his army into a fearsome machine.France and Great Britain consented to the annexation of Austria and the occupation of Czechoslovakia, but the German invasion of Poland finally triggered World War II (1939-45), t...
Post a Comment
Read more