Giuseppe Mazzini Biography

Giuseppe Mazzini

Revolutionary of the Italian Risorgimento (Genoa, 1805-Pisa, 1872).After studying law briefly, Giuseppe Mazzini devoted himself to the fight against the order established by the Congress of Vienna (1815).His activism would have a double objective: it was a nationalist struggle for the unity of Italy and the elimination of foreign influence on the peninsula; and also a liberal and republican struggle against the monarchical absolutism of the Restoration.

Giuseppe Mazzini

In 1828 he entered the secret society of the Carbonari , who had starred in the unsuccessful insurrection of 1821; He was discovered and imprisoned in 1830.But he became convinced of the ineffectiveness of his sporadic conspiracies and decided to found a mass organization of national scope: with it he would carry out intense propaganda work among the young generations, from whose patriotism he expected the "resurgence" of Italy without counting on the help of foreign powers (hence the motto L'Italia farà da sè, with which he founded the Young Italy in 1831).

Disrupted by the Piedmontese police in an attempted insurrection that he organized in 1832, Mazzini was sentenced to death and had to flee Italy, establishing his base in Marseille and, from 1837, in London.At that time he came into contact with exiled revolutionaries from other countries and in 1834 he founded with them in Bern the Young Europe , another secret society that aspired to complete national emancipation with a great revolutionary movement to unite all Europe under a republican confederation.

At the outbreak of the 1848 revolutions, he moved to Milan, where he fought for liberation against the Austrians.Then he collaborated in the insurrectionary movement launched by his supporters in Rome against Pope Pius IX and was one of the triumvirs who ruled the subsequent Roman Republic of 1849.

The combined action of the Austrian, French and Neapolitan armies and Spaniards ended the Roman experiment in that same year; and, little by little, repression was imposed throughout Italy, causing many nationalists and liberals to be disappointed about the possibilities of the radical Mazzinian route.In the following years, the supporters of Italian unification under a liberal regime relied more on the moderate option represented by King Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy and his minister the Count of Cavour, who would finally achieve the unification of the Kingdom of Italy towards 1860.

Mazzini did not renounce his republican ideals and was limited to the leadership of small opposition circles and to be a symbol of moral rigor, personal austerity and ideological coherence, as a precursor of democracy.The voters of Messina elected him deputy several times, seeing such a result annulled by the monarchical authorities.From exile, he encouraged his followers to participate in multiple failed plots, as well as in the founding of the International Workers Association.In 1869 he returned to Italy incognito to die in his country.

Comments

Grace Querejeta Biography

Gracia Querejeta (Gracia Querejeta Marín; Madrid, 1962) Spanish film director.Daughter of the costume designer María del Carmen Marín Maiki and the film producer Elías Querejeta, she studied Geography and History at university and received a degree in Ancient History.Although she never wanted to be an actress, she had two circumstantial appearances in front of the cameras: the first, when she was only seven years old, in the film Las secretas intenciones by Antxon Eceiza, and the second when, at the age of thirteen., played a small role in Las Palabras de Max , by Emilio Martínez-Lázaro. Gracia Querejeta His first professional experience behind a Camera was as assistant director in Sweet hours (1981), directed by Carlos Saura and with his father as producer.After finishing his degree, he had the opportunity to direct Tres en la marca in 1988, as part of the collective project Seven footprints , with which he won the Arriaga Theater Award in Bilbao.The film Seven footp...

Arnold toynbee Biography

Arnold Toynbee (Arnold Joseph Toynbee; London, 1889-York, 1975) British philosopher and historian, considered one of the most important philosophers in history, achieved fame thanks to his 12 volumes of A study of History ( Study of History , 1934-1961). Toynbee, nephew of also historian Arnold Toynbee, studied primary school at Winchester Institute and entered the Balliol College of the University of Oxford in 1908, where he graduated in classics in 1911.Upon graduation, he spent a brief period of time at the British School in Athens, one of the contacts with the classical world that most It impressed young Toynbee, and it would have such an impact on his work. Arnold Toynbee He returned to London a year later, to take up the post of Associate Professor of Ancient History at Balliol College, Cambridge.There he remained until 1919, the year in which he was appointed Professor of Greek and Byzantine Studies at the University of London.In 1925, as the culmination of his acade...

Giambattista Tiepolo Biography

Giambattista Tiepolo (Giambattista or Giovanni Battista Tiepolo; Venice, 1696-Madrid, 1770) Italian painter.He studied the works of Sebastiano Ricci, Veronese and Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and imitated the chromaticism, with its violent chiaroscuro effects, of the latter.In his early ceiling paintings (Archinti and Dugnani palaces in Milan) he reaffirmed his decorative talent, based on architectural perspectives, trompe-l'oeil paintings and moving crowds. His first important work, the decorative cycle of the archiepiscopal palace of Udine (1727-1728), composed of biblical narratives, already denotes in the conformation of the figures (of great naturalism) and in the composition of the same contributions from the artist himself, although certain influences from Sebastiano Ricci and Veronese are still detected. Feast of Antony and Cleopatra (c.1743), by Tiepolo In Milan he worked in the Clerici Palace; in Venice he did it in the Scalzi church and in the Labia palace.The...

The Spanish Aid in the Independence of the United States

In the history of Spain, has often forgotten relevant events , perhaps because of that character that we Spaniards have in general, of not knowing or wanting to defend our own history. sinking ships that were not as was the case with The USS Maine , all in the interest of the US in Cuba. the Spanish Republican troops were the first to enter Paris, freeing her from the Nazi invasion, another unknown piece of our history.In this article we will know the importance of Spain in the Independence of the US, c omo Espana I collaborate, because it did. A part of our history that we have titled The Spanish Aid in Independence of the United States. Art Index iculo The Spanish Aid in the Independence of the United States To place ourselves in the historical context, the formation of the United States is mainly due to the so-called group of the Thirteen Colonies . These 13 colonies of British origin, had been founded during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, located ...

Names of Greek and Roman Goddesses

One of the features that has characterized man, since the dawn of humanity, is the need to believe .Explaining certain natural phenomena should not be an easy task, without having current knowledge.Storms, lightning, hail, earthworks, etc., all these phenomena that escaped our knowledge had to be produced by superior beings , beings with immense power of destruction, to those beings They were eventually given the category of Gods and Goddesses.All and each of the civilizations that have populated the earth have had their own deities, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc.Today we are going to dedicate this article to the Names of Greek and Roman Goddesses , let us know their names, who protected and to whom, what relationship existed between the Greek and Roman Goddesses. Index of the ar ticulo Names of Greek and Roman Goddesses | The Origin of the Gods «From the mass report (chaos) the Earth (Gea) and the Sky (Uranus) arose and both engendered the seven Titans» So desc...

Jan Hus Biography

Jan Hus (Also called John or John Huss; Husinec, Bohemia, 1369-Constance, 1415) Promoter of the Czech ecclesiastical reform.He was born into a poor peasant family in southwestern Bohemia.However, he managed to study Theology and Arts at the University of Prague and ordained himself a priest (1400).In 1402 he was appointed rector of the University, supported by the Czech particularist sentiment against Germanic domination. Jan Hus Under the influence of the English heretic John Wycliffe, Hus began in 1405 to preach against the excessive wealth of the Church and the immorality of the clergy, demanding a return to the purity of the evangelical message, preaching in the Czech language that the people could understand, and communion under both species.Its influence was increased by the crisis in which the Church of Rome was plunged by the "Schism of the West", as well as by the Czech nationalist reaction against the German minority (started with the struggle for control of ...

Florencio Harmodio Arosemena Biography

Florencio Harmodio Arosemena (Panama City, 1872-New York, 1945) Panamanian politician and engineer.He studied in Germany and directed important public works.A member of the Liberal Party, he was elected president in 1928 and dismissed on January 2, 1931 by the nationalist movement of Patriotic Communal Action, which brought the provisional government of Harmodio Arias to power.

Gustav Stresemann Biography

Gustav Stresemann (Berlin, 1878-1929) German politician of the Interwar period.Belonging to a family of beer entrepreneurs, he had studied economics and came to chair the Federation of Industrialists of Saxony (1902). Gustav Stresemann Then he launched into politics, in the ranks of the National-Liberal Party (later called the Popular Party), a right-wing, nationalist and expansionist group that it took a long time to accept the republican and democratic regime established by the Weimar Constitution (1919) and the Versailles Peace Treaty (1918) from which the new regime had been born.He gradually moderated his positions and led the party (which he had led since 1917) to accept the clauses of the Treaty most harmful to Germany, as a way to regain understanding with the Western powers and thus relaunch the country's economic and political influence abroad. In 1923 Gustav Stresemann was called to preside as Chancellor of the "grand coalition" of government that soug...

Josef Willem Mengelberg Biography

Josef Willem Mengelberg (Utrecht, 1871-Zuort, 1951) Dutch conductor.He studied in his hometown with Richard Hol, Henri Wilhelm Petri and Anton Averkamp and later moved to Cologne (Germany), in whose conservatory he studied theory and counterpoint with G.Jensen, piano with I.Seiss and organ with F.W.Franke, in addition to directing and composing with Franz Wüllner. He was musical director of the Lucerne Conservatory in 1892 and years later, in 1895, he obtained the position of director of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra, a position he held until 1945.He also continued directing the Museum Concerts group in Frankfurt between 1907 and 1920.From 1899 he annually conducted the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir in its interpretation of the Passion According to Saint Matthew by JS Bach. He also conducted the American National Symphony Orchestra in New York between 1920 and 1929 and was principal conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra from 1921 until he left it due to differen...

Jose Risueño Biography

José Risueño (Granada, 1665- id ., 1732) Spanish sculptor and painter.Follower of A.Cano, P.de Mena and D.de Mora, he worked in Granada, where he made the figures of the chapel of the Sacrament of the Carthusian monastery, the San Juan de Dios of the church of San Matías and the Crucified Christ of Sacromonte.It is famous for its polychrome baked clay figurines ( Penitent Magdalene ).

History Today Online

Search This Blog