Giuseppe Mazzini Biography

Giuseppe Mazzini

Revolutionary of the Italian Risorgimento (Genoa, 1805-Pisa, 1872).After studying law briefly, Giuseppe Mazzini devoted himself to the fight against the order established by the Congress of Vienna (1815).His activism would have a double objective: it was a nationalist struggle for the unity of Italy and the elimination of foreign influence on the peninsula; and also a liberal and republican struggle against the monarchical absolutism of the Restoration.

Giuseppe Mazzini

In 1828 he entered the secret society of the Carbonari , who had starred in the unsuccessful insurrection of 1821; He was discovered and imprisoned in 1830.But he became convinced of the ineffectiveness of his sporadic conspiracies and decided to found a mass organization of national scope: with it he would carry out intense propaganda work among the young generations, from whose patriotism he expected the "resurgence" of Italy without counting on the help of foreign powers (hence the motto L'Italia farà da sè, with which he founded the Young Italy in 1831).

Disrupted by the Piedmontese police in an attempted insurrection that he organized in 1832, Mazzini was sentenced to death and had to flee Italy, establishing his base in Marseille and, from 1837, in London.At that time he came into contact with exiled revolutionaries from other countries and in 1834 he founded with them in Bern the Young Europe , another secret society that aspired to complete national emancipation with a great revolutionary movement to unite all Europe under a republican confederation.

At the outbreak of the 1848 revolutions, he moved to Milan, where he fought for liberation against the Austrians.Then he collaborated in the insurrectionary movement launched by his supporters in Rome against Pope Pius IX and was one of the triumvirs who ruled the subsequent Roman Republic of 1849.

The combined action of the Austrian, French and Neapolitan armies and Spaniards ended the Roman experiment in that same year; and, little by little, repression was imposed throughout Italy, causing many nationalists and liberals to be disappointed about the possibilities of the radical Mazzinian route.In the following years, the supporters of Italian unification under a liberal regime relied more on the moderate option represented by King Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy and his minister the Count of Cavour, who would finally achieve the unification of the Kingdom of Italy towards 1860.

Mazzini did not renounce his republican ideals and was limited to the leadership of small opposition circles and to be a symbol of moral rigor, personal austerity and ideological coherence, as a precursor of democracy.The voters of Messina elected him deputy several times, seeing such a result annulled by the monarchical authorities.From exile, he encouraged his followers to participate in multiple failed plots, as well as in the founding of the International Workers Association.In 1869 he returned to Italy incognito to die in his country.

Comments

Jordi Pujol Biography

Jordi Pujol (Jordi Pujol i Soley; Barcelona, 1930) Spanish politician, president of the Generalitat of Catalonia from 1980 to 2003.He studied medicine, although he did not feel a special vocation.His nationalistic and religious sentiment was already manifested in his youth, when he carried out apostolate work in the slums of his hometown; thus, he participated in the creation of the Catholic institution Catòlics Catalans. Once he finished his degree, he worked in the Fides Cuatrecases pharmaceutical laboratories, and took part in subversive incidents, such as the tram strike that took place in Barcelona in 1956, the dismissal of the president of the newspaper La Vanguardia or the incident at the Palacio de la Música in 1960, in which he interrupted a concert attended by Francisco Franco and his ministers to sing a Catalan anthem banned by the regime.He was sentenced by a court martial to seven years in prison. Jordi Pujol At the beginning of the sixties he founded with other...

James A. Mirrlees Biography

James A.Mirrlees (Minnigaff, 1936) British economist.He studied at Douglas Ewart High School and Newton Stewart and entered the University of Edinburgh in 1954 to study mathematics, from which he graduated in 1957.From Scotland he left for England after his admission to Trinity College from the University of Cambridge.In this institution he continued his mathematical training, but during his stay in Cambridge there was an approach to economics that led him to do a doctorate in this discipline and which ended in 1963. When Mirrlees finished his studies in Cambridge, began collaborating with Kaldor as a research assistant on issues related to economic growth.From that position he went to the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology between 1962 and 1963, at which time he was linked to development studies in India.Upon his return to the UK, he obtained a position as Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge. He held the position unti...

Guillaume de l’Hôpital Biography

Guillaume de l'Hôpital (Guillaume de l'Hôpital, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme; Paris, 1661- id ., 1704) French mathematician.A military man by profession, he became interested in the study of mathematics under the influence of Bernoulli and carried out the first complete exposition of the infinitesimal calculus in his work Analysis of the infinitely small for the understanding of curved lines ( 1696).The L'Hôpital rule allows to eliminate certain indeterminacies in the passage to the limit of the quotient of two functions, applying the differential calculus.

Georg Hermann Quincke Biography

Georg Hermann Quincke (Frankfurt am Oder, 1834-Heidelberg, 1924) German physicist.He studied at the University of Berlin, where he obtained his degree in 1865.He was an assistant professor at said University, in 1872 he was head of the University of Wurzburg and in 1875 of Heidelberg.He conducted research on the most well-known molecular phenomena, such as capillarity, flocculation, electrophoresis, and surface tension.He also investigated the phenomena of optical reflection on metal surfaces and optical interference.He built various measuring devices, such as an acoustic thermometer and a magnetic manometer.A certain device that allows the wavelength of sound waves to be measured through interference phenomena is called the Quincke tube.

Jorge Negrete Biography

Jorge Negrete (Jorge Alberto Negrete Moreno; Guanajuato, 1911-Los Angeles, 1953) Mexican singer and actor whose personal appeal and unmistakable voice raised him to the category of myth of the music of his country.His film appearances and his tumultuous romantic relationships with well-known stars of the moment undoubtedly contributed to this.In a Mexico that was still suffering from the aftermath of the civil strife of the Revolution, the patriotic style of Jorge Negrete's songs, in which values such as virility, courage or family were extolled, took root in a society in need of myths on which to rebuild a national identity. Jorge Negrete At age 16 he entered the Military College; curiously, Negrete seemed to start a promising career: he soon graduated as a lieutenant in administration and, in 1930, he was already appointed second captain and carried out military studies in Paris and Rome.But in parallel to his military work, Negrete took singing classes with the prestigi...

Georges Clemenceau Biography

Georges Clemenceau (Mouilleron-en-Pareds, 1841-Paris, 1929) French politician and journalist.As a journalist and leader of the parliamentary left, he was one of the most influential men in French politics in the late 19th century.During his second term as Prime Minister (1917-1919), he led the war effort that led France to triumph over the Axis powers, and played an essential role in the peace talks that concluded in the Treaty of Versailles, establishing himself as one of the most important figures in politics of his time. Georges Clemenceau He was the first of six children from a humble family.Born and raised in a region of strong traditionalism, Clemenceau received, however, from a very young age, the anticlerical and progressive influence of his father, Benjamin, imbued with the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.At the age of twelve he entered the Lycée de Nantes.During his student days in that city, he was introduced, through his father, into the politic...

Ivar Aasen Biography

Ivar Aasen (Volden, 1813-Oslo, 1896) Norwegian linguist and poet.Founder of the landsmaal or national language based on indigenous dialects.Self-taught, he is the author of a Grammar of Norwegian popular speech (1848) and of a Dictionary of Norwegian popular speech (1850).He also wrote botanical works, a collection of poems and a lyrical drama ( The heir , 1855).

Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier Biography

Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier (Auxerre, France, 1768-Paris, 1830) French engineer and mathematician.He was the son of a tailor, and was educated by the Benedictines.Positions in the Army Scientific Corps were reserved for families of recognized status, so he accepted a military professorship in mathematics. Joseph Fourier During the French Revolution he had a prominent role in his own district, and was rewarded with a candidacy for a chair at the École Polytechnique.Fourier accompanied Napoleon on his eastern expedition of 1798, and was appointed governor of Lower Egypt.Isolated from France by the British fleet, it organized the workshops that the French army had to count on for its ammunition supplies.He also contributed numerous writings on mathematics to the Egyptian Institute that Napoleon founded in Cairo. After the British victories and the capitulation of the French under General Menou in 1801, Joseph Fourier returned to France, where he was appointed prefect of the depa...

José Ferrándiz and Niño Biography

José Ferrándiz y Niño (Seville, 1847-Madrid, 1918) Spanish military man who was Minister of the Navy (1903-1904 and 1907-1908).During his last ministry important laws for the modernization of arsenals and one of the most extensive programs of military naval construction were approved. José Ferrándiz y Niño Professor of the Floating Naval School, José Ferrándiz y Niño participated in the Cuban campaigns of 1897-1898.In 1903, being captain of the ship, he was appointed Minister of the Navy in Antonio Maura's cabinet, a position that he again held in the so-called "long government" of Maura (1907-1909). From his ministry, José Ferrándiz managed to launch his reconstruction projects for the Navy, strongly resented as a result of the colonial disaster of 1898.In close collaboration with Maura, between 1907 and 1909, he drew up important laws for the development of national industry, for the reorganization and renewal of the Navy's material and for the promotion of...

Jose Patricio Guggiari Biography

José Patricio Guggiari (Asunción, 1884-Buenos Aires, 1957) Paraguayan politician who was President of the Republic between 1928 and 1932.José Patricio Guggiari obtained a doctorate in Law and Social Sciences in 1910, Although he did not practice as a lawyer, and held various positions in the public administration between 1904 and 1907: member of the National Council of Education, Fiscal Agent in Criminal Matters and State Attorney General (1908-1910). José Patricio Guggiari In the political sphere he took part in the liberal conspiracy of 1904, and upon being discovered he marched towards Argentina.In 1906 he founded the Independent Youth League.In 1913 he was elected deputy; he exerted the presidency of the Chamber in 1918.In 1920 he was appointed Minister of the Interior. As president of the liberals, he reached the presidency of the Republic in 1928 (taking over from the also liberal Eligio Ayala), a position he held until 1932.In 1931, due to a violent dissolution of a stu...

History Today Online

Search This Blog