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Ferdinand I of Portugal Biography

Ferdinand I of Portugal

(Coimbra, 1345-Lisbon, 1383) King of Portugal (1367-1383).Son of Pedro I of Portugal, he tried to incorporate the throne of Castile into his dominions after the death of Pedro I the Cruel (1369).He promoted the unfortunate war against Castile, which ended when he married his daughter Beatriz to the Castilian monarch Juan I (1383).

Fernando I of Portugal

Called the Inconstant, Ferdinand I of Portugal intervened on numerous occasions in the internal affairs of Castile, whose annexation he attempted after the death in 1369 of the Castilian monarch Pedro I el Cruel.To this end, he supported the candidacy for the Castilian Crown of Juan de Gante, Duke of Lancaster and son of the English monarch Eduardo III (rights based on his marriage in 1371 with Constanza, daughter of Pedro I), and with the support of the established alliances with the Crown of Aragon and with the Nasrid kingdom of Granada, he began the war against Enrique II of Castile (1369-1379).

The successive military victories of Enrique II of Castile forced Ferdinand I of Portugal to sign the peace of Alcoutim (1371) and the Santarem peace treaty (1373), through which the inheritance of Portugal passed to a son of the Castilian king.By this same treaty Ferdinand I of Portugal was obliged to send aid to France in the Hundred Years War (1337-1453).In 1379, after the death of Enrique II of Castile, a new Portuguese offensive began which was carried out despite popular refusal and which resulted in a new defeat.

Finally, by the treaty of Elvas (1383), the marriage of the only daughter of Ferdinand I of Portugal, the Infanta Beatriz, with Juan I of Castile (1379-1390) was arranged.Beatriz lost the rights to the Portuguese throne to the benefit of the future Juan I of Portugal (1383-1433), natural brother of Ferdinand I of Portugal and grand master of Avis, who regained Portuguese sovereignty after defeating the Castilians in Atoleiros and Aljubarrota in 1385 , and inaugurated a new stage in which the Cortes and the Council of the King obtained powers to which Fernando had always been reluctant.

In domestic politics, Fernando I of Portugal tried to overcome the economic crisis by creating taxes on trade, which earned him a certain unpopularity that increased due to his marriage to Leonor Téllez de Meneses, lady of the Infanta Beatriz who was engaged to Juan Lorenzo de Acuña.During his reign the Law of Semarías (1375) was approved, with which it was intended to keep the fields cultivated, set wages and rents and provide the peasants with labor cattle.

On the question of the Western Schism, Ferdinand I initially adopted a neutral stance, but then, due to pressure from the Duke of Anjou and the ambassadors of Antipope Clement VII, he chose to submit to the Avignon obedience; In 1381, however, the alliance made with England forced him to recognize Urban VI as the legitimate pope.

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