Gregory IX Biography

Gregory IX

(Ugolino de Segni; Anagni, c .1170-Rome, 1241) Pope of the Catholic Church (1227-1241).Nephew of Pope Innocent III, he studied in Paris and Bologna and in 1206 he was appointed Cardinal Bishop of Ostia by his uncle.A man of notable legal scholarship, he defended with great energy the claims of power of the papacy and the freedom of the church, for which reason he came into conflict with Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen.

Pope Gregory IX approves the Decretals (fresco by Rafael Sanzio)

Already in 1227 he excommunicated Frederick II for failing to fulfill his promise to undertake a new crusade, and in 1229 ordered the invasion of the kingdom of Sicily.In 1230 he made peace with the emperor, although the struggle between the Church and the emperor continued.In 1239 he again excommunicated Federico II and decreed a crusade against him; the imperial troops were about to enter Rome when he passed away.

During his pontificate, Gregory IX founded the Inquisition and, with the promulgation of the Decretals (compiled by Saint Raimundo de Peñafort), reinforced the papal authority in doctrinal and disciplinary matters.He generously supported the newly born mendicant orders (Franciscans and Dominicans, founded respectively by San Francisco de Asís and Santo Domingo de Guzmán), as well as the activity of the Teutonic order in Eastern Europe.He was also concerned with promoting theological studies and missions.From his papacy dates the beginning of the rivalry between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines.

Comments

Claudio Sánchez Albornoz Biography

Claudio Sánchez Albornoz (Madrid, 1893-Ávila, 1984) Spanish historian.He obtained a doctorate in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Madrid and won competitive examinations for the Faculty of Archives, Libraries and Museums.At the age of twenty-eight, he won the chair of History of Spain at the University of Barcelona, from where he was soon transferred to Valladolid and, later, to Madrid.On January 11, 1932 he was appointed rector of the Central University of Madrid.His first historical works were carried out between 1911 and 1919, within the study of medieval institutions. Claudio Sánchez Albornoz Liberal and anti-communist democrat, Sánchez Albornoz gave himself to the cause of the Second Spanish Republic.Member of the Republican Action party, he was elected deputy in the first Parliament of the Second Republic, developing a great political activity during this stage.He held, among others, the positions of counselor of Public Instruction, vice president of the Cor...

Giambattista Tiepolo Biography

Giambattista Tiepolo (Giambattista or Giovanni Battista Tiepolo; Venice, 1696-Madrid, 1770) Italian painter.He studied the works of Sebastiano Ricci, Veronese and Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and imitated the chromaticism, with its violent chiaroscuro effects, of the latter.In his early ceiling paintings (Archinti and Dugnani palaces in Milan) he reaffirmed his decorative talent, based on architectural perspectives, trompe-l'oeil paintings and moving crowds. His first important work, the decorative cycle of the archiepiscopal palace of Udine (1727-1728), composed of biblical narratives, already denotes in the conformation of the figures (of great naturalism) and in the composition of the same contributions from the artist himself, although certain influences from Sebastiano Ricci and Veronese are still detected. Feast of Antony and Cleopatra (c.1743), by Tiepolo In Milan he worked in the Clerici Palace; in Venice he did it in the Scalzi church and in the Labia palace.The...

Carmen Martin Gaite Biography

Carmen Martín Gaite (Salamanca, 1925-Madrid, 2000) Spanish writer.Considered one of the strongest values in Spanish literature after the civil war, her works focus on the analysis of the relationships between the individual and the community. Graduated in Philosophy and Letters from the Salamanca University, she received her doctorate in Madrid with the thesis The loving uses of the Spanish 18th century .Her fellow students included Ignacio Aldecoa, whose work she would later study, and Agustín García Calvo.Occasional actress, her first works of literature and literary criticism were published in the Salamanca magazine Trabajos y Días. Carmen Martín Gaite In 1948, a At the age of twenty-five, he moved to Madrid, where he contacted young writers such as Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio (with whom he later married, in 1958), Jesús Fernández Santos, Josefina Rodríguez, Alfonso Sastre or Medardo Fraile, among others.Introduced into literary circles by her old college classmate, Ignacio ...

Alexandr Izvolski Biography

Alexandr Izvolski (Moscow, 1856-Paris, 1919) Russian politician and diplomat, main architect of the alliance between Russia and England in the years before the First World War. Alexandr Izvolski Educated at the Imperial Lyceum in Saint Petersburg, he soon held important diplomatic posts: he was Russian ambassador to the Vatican, Yugoslavia, Germany, Japan and Denmark.Between 1906 and 1910 he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs; after that he was appointed ambassador to France. In 1907, Izvolski signed a pact that strengthened the alliance between France and England against Germany.Thanks to this pact, the British and the Russians divided Persia, which was divided into three zones of influence: a British, a Russian and a neutral zone between the two (Afghanistan was under the protection of Great Britain).This pact, together with the Franco-Russian alliance of 1890 and the Anglo-French agreement of 1904, formed the embryo of what would later become the Triple Entente. In Oct...

Bruno Bettelheim Biography

Bruno Bettelheim (Vienna, 1903-Los Angeles, 1990) American psychoanalyst of Austrian origin.During the years of his formation he was in contact with the strong Viennese cultural environment, and especially with the first generation of Freud's disciples.Bettelheim, however, would soon depart from the orthodox approaches of psychoanalysis, highlighting the importance of the family educational environment in the psychological balance of the child. Bruno Bettelheim After being interned in the Dachau and Buchenwald camps (he was of Jewish origin), Bettelheim managed to go into exile to the United States in 1939, where he was a professor of Educational Psychology, director of the Chicago Orthogenic School (1947-1973) and, since 1963, professor of Psychiatry at the University of Chicago. His first study, which can be registered, like the rest of his work, within the current of American "ego psychology", is based on his personal experience of internment in concentration ...

Eduardo de Ontañón Biography

Eduardo de Ontañón (Eduardo de Ontañón Lebantini; Burgos, 1904) Spanish writer.Closely related since his youth with the intellectual and progressive circles of Burgos, he was also a journalist, editor and bookseller.He published numerous poems and articles in the periodical press.When he was still a teenager, before 1920, he published the poetry books La sombra de Beatriz and Sentimental Breviary .Later, he would publish Sinfonía en azul (1921), Haz (1923), and the serial El cura Merino (1933).In 1923 he founded the literary magazine Parabola, which set out to combat literary and cultural clichés about Castile and recover its true cultural essence.In 1932 he created the literary gathering El ciprés.The Civil War forced him into exile from Spain.

Jose Refugio Velasco Biography

José Refugio Velasco (Aguascalientes, 1851-Mexico, 1923) Mexican military.He evicted Pancho Villa de Torreón during the Huerta regime and, after the latter's fall, was part of the interim Carbajal government.Appointed commander-in-chief of the army, he signed the Teoloyucán Accords (1914) with the constitutionalists, which put an end to the Huerta period.

What is the true origin of Father's Day?

On March 19, Father's Day is celebrated, and although we know that in Spain this celebration occurs on this day because it coincides with the day of the death of San Jose, putative father of Jesus Christ, the truth is that the real origin is a completely different one, then What is the true origin of Father's Day? In Spain Father's Day is celebrated since the 50s , when, following a bell at the department store, Galerias Preciados, it was established that every March 19, it was decided to exalt with gifts to the parents (in 1948 there was already a previous celebration with Mass, gifts and performances in the school of the teacher Manuela Vicente Ferrero which was the first one that I celebrate this day), but it was not in our country where this celebration originated. It seems that the custom of celebrating Father's Day comes to us from the United States and was celebrated for the first time in the early twentieth century, when a young woman decided to ...

The great conquerors of history

What do you think has been the greatest conqueror in the world? In today's article we will talk about the great world conquerors and what has been the evolution until today. From the beginning of the world to the current moment, as we know it, there have been multiple conquests, battles and wars that have led to the creation of different kingdoms that have remained for a short time or thousands of years. In today's article we will talk about the great conquerors of antiquity: Alexander the Great Attila Genghis Khan Napoleon Bonaparte Adolf Hitler Article index Alexander the Great Alexander the Great is considered the greatest conqueror in history, hence he was called El Grande. The great conquest that you celebrated was that of Persia, territory after territory ended up being part of its empire : Asia Minor, the Mediterranean Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Central Asia and even invaded India. Attila Attila is another of the ...

Sumerian astronomy and aliens

The Sumerians are famous for the great cultural advances that bequeathed, including their advanced knowledge of astronomy.Around them there is a polemic: self-development or intervention extraterrestrial ? We open the debate. Article index More than 5000 years ago There is a somewhat disturbing image created by the Sumerians 5000 years ago.As you know, the Sumerians were one of the most ancient human civilizations.They settled on the low Mesopotamia , were observant observers of nature, and the first to develop the writing . As for his worldview , frequently coincided with that of the Egyptians , whose culture was developing not far from theirs.Both cosmologies imagined a static world , where the predominant elements were heaven and earth , circled by the So ly la Luna.In that world, each town was thought of as the center of everything known, surrounded by the chaos of the foreigner. Sumerian astronomy The Sumerians , as well as the Maya or the Egyptia...

History Today Online

Search This Blog