Jean-François Lyotard Biography

Jean-François Lyotard

(Versailles, 1924-Paris, 1998) French philosopher.Collaborator of the group Socialismo o Barbarie, his works are framed within Freud-Marxism ( Discourse, figure , 1971; From Marx and Freud , 1973).A critic of enlightened reason ( The postmodern condition , 1979), he is also the author of El enthusiasm (1986).

Of phenomenological training, after working as a teacher for some years in institutes and practicing political and theoretical activism with the Socialism or Barbarie group, Jean-François Lyotard taught philosophy classes as assistant professor at the Sorbonne and at the University of Nanterre.In his first work, Phenomenology (1954), he engaged in a polemic with semiotic and structuralist theories.

Lyotard criticized the supremacy that the entire Western philosophical tradition since Plato has accorded to speech.In Discurso, figura (1971) he showed the existence of an alternative space to the discursive-representative space: it was a figurative space in which the essential opacity of the images that constitute it resisted any attempt to translate them into discursive and communicative terms.This irreducibility of the figurative, which emerges with particular energy in modern art, is related to the need for a new formulation of the phenomenon of modernity.

Through the analysis of this phenomenon, through affirmative thinking based on desire ( Libidinal Economics , 1974), his criticism of Marx's theory on alienation becomes explicit produced by capitalism.In fact, it is not a question of looking for a unique alternative to the constant and progressive denaturation generated by capital, but of demonstrating how, underneath the latter, an economy of desire operates that gives rise to various drives.

With The postmodern condition (1979), he overcame this approach: the postmodern era is characterized by the decline of the legitimation of various levels of existence through the "grands recits" and by the emergence of a multiplicity of languages irreducible to each other.Through the elaboration of a theory of language that is based on the verification of the incommensurability of the multiple linguistic games, he came to defend the need to formulate a new theory of the judgment of values, starting from Kant as a model.Other titles of his production are From Marx and Freud (1973), Instructions païennes (1977), Au just (1979, in collaboration with Thébaud), The disagreement (1983), The enthusiasm (1986) and Postmodern moralities (1993).

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