The world era of revolutions from 1820 to 1848 , was a troubled time that took place in Europe after the fall of the Napoleonic Empire.The new revolutionary ideals that the French Revolution had brought with it and that it had spread throughout Europe like political liberalism, nationalism and even an initial socialism.After the fall of Napoleon caused the former absolutist kings overthrown by the new ideals to claim their former kingdoms and absolutist governments , something that would never happen again, this period was called Restoration (1815-1848).
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The world era of revolutions: from 1820 to 1848 | Situation
It is not possible to speak of a single cause the culprit of the different revolutions that happened throughout the 19th century.The years 1820, 1830 and 1848 , were convulsive years , where the political, economic and social situation became the trigger, the result of different revolutions that mostly failed either due to lack of organization or external factors.
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Liberalism
After the fall of the old absolutist regimes , after the Napoleonic conquests, the liberal ideas of the 18th century had spread throughout the old Europe.Illustration of the Age of Enlightenment , he had brought liberal thought with him, a thought that above all was the Reason On the basis of tolerance and respect for contrary ideas.
The proclamations of the French Revolution of Freedom, Equality and Fraternity , were the foundations of liberalism, where each individual was free and equal before the law.The Absolutism prevailing until that time was over, it would be the Constitution or Fundamental Standard that would limit the Royal authority.
The power of the State would not be concentrated in one person, now the separation of powers, executive, legislative and judicial power , together with the election through suffrage, guaranteed a rule of law.
Economically, liberal ideas defended free trade where the State should not intervene.Liberalism was the ideology most supported by the bourgeoisie and urban classes .But by 1830, bourgeois and urban classes seemed to have int You're different, especially when it comes to individual rights.
- Moderate Liberalism
Politically a moderate liberal trend was created, defended by the bourgeoisie and intended the census suffrage.
The census suffrage, reduced the right to vote exclusively to the population registered in the census.But this census had certain restrictions, these could vary, according to interests, as for example, only men could be censored, with a certain income and belonging to a certain social class.it basically reduced that only the bourgeoisie would have the right to the male vote.
- Democratic Liberalism
On the other hand there was also the democratic liberalism that defended universal suffrage, only ma sculin and more freedoms for citizenship.
Nationalism
Next to Liberalism, a new current born from the ideas of the French Revolution , this new current was Nationalism .This new political current defended the right of citizens to govern the destinies of the lands in which they live, that is to say the land that the people step on belongs to the people.These ideas clashed directly with the dynastic law that you wanted the absolute monarchies.
But nationalism, like liberalism, soon divided into two tendencies, one conservative and another democratic.
The conservative nationalism defended the idea of a nation, as a unit with concrete historical roots, according to its language, customs and social order.
According to democratic nationalism, the nation was simply the freedom of the people and their self-government, that is, sovereignty would fall on the people.
Economy and Society
At this stage of revolutions that took place in the century XIX, we cannot ignore the economic and social causes.
The appearance of capitalism , gave rise to a new social class, the bourgeoisie .Soon this new social class began to control the economy, but this economic control was relegated from the policy that was currently prevailing in nineteenth-century Europe, the restoration of the monarchies.
If we add to this situation a worrying economic situation with a price increase Due to a period of poor harvests, they caused a drop in consumption, which in turn caused an industrial and financial crisis.
It was time for the bourgeoisie to take action on the matter, the only way of accessing political power, now that they had financial power, it was through the revolution .A new social class that sought to replace the old aristoc European race.
These revolutionary movements led by the bourgeoisie would soon be supported by the urban or proletarian classes, with very harsh living conditions now worsened by the economic crisis.
The world era of revolutions | The Revolution of 1820
What has happened to be called the Revolution of 1820 , were a series of revolutions that were happening in Europe, between the years 1822-1825.
This revolution had a liberal and nationalist character and the method of military uprising was used or more commonly known as a military coup d'etat, the conspiracies against absolutist restoration of secret clandestine societies in the style of the Freemasons and Carbonarians, caused the situation to precipitate.
An example was Spain, the first European nation to revolt.With the return of King Fernando VII , his absolutist ideas also returned , this would disrupt the new social, economic and political currents.The solution was a military pronouncement, such as Irrigation in Cabezas de San Juan, this pronouncement forced the newly restored Fernando VII to swear the Constitution of 1812 (the pepa), in the courts of Cadiz.
The swearing of Fernando VII was the origin of a new style of government, the Liberal Triennium , but this would not last long, soon in 1823, a French contingent formed by Spanish volunteers and in defense of the former absolutist regime of King Ferdinand VII, ended to this war called realistic and the newly formed liberal triennium.This French contingent was known as the One Hundred Thousand Sons of St.Louis. The consequences were the abolition of the constitution and the return of the absolute monarchy.
These Spanish uprisings were followed by countries like Portugal and Italy , where secret societies, as happened in Spain, played a decisive role.In Italy the Carbonarians in Naples got Ferdinand I to comply with the Constitution, but the Austrian imperial troops soon ended the liberal wishes of the Italians.
Russia also had its revolution, in this case a little later, In 1825, it was also a military uprising, in this case against Czar Nicolas I, but in this case a bad strategy followed by a terrible disorganization caused the attempt to fail.
In the only European case in which the liberal revolution triumphed was in Greece .Greece was in that period under Turkish rule, there was a Greek resistance movement against this domain.In 1821 and after the Epidurus Congress, the Greek secret society called Hetairia.
This society was characterized by its constant clashes with democracy , when some situation was not interesting to them, quickly the secret society Hetairia caused uprisings, disturbances, etc.to situation and under the Turkish domain.In 1822 this society, supported by the Greek people, stands against domination.
In these actions both France and England and Russia, supported and organized a support movement throughout Europe, including Lord Byron, who would find death in this war.This war of independence from Greece against Turkey was tough and devastating until in 1829, the Turkish Empire recognized the independence of Greece, becoming a kingdom.
The Revolution of 1820 America
As in Europe there were new ideological revolutions and movement, on the American continent in 1820, they started their own revolutions.It is the independence of the colonies of both the Spanish and Portuguese crown.
The political and military instability that was lived in Spain and the diffusion of the new ideas illustrated and the independence example resulting from the American revolution , were more than enough causes for the wishes of the Creoles to seize the power and management independently of the metropolis.
In 1816, Argentina got its independence , was the first to get it in a first phase, after the failure of Mexico, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru or Bolivia.These should wait a little longer.
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In the next updates of this article we will talk about what happened in the following revolutions in both the 1830 and the d e 1848. The search for new documentation makes us leave these for future updates.However since overhistory, we have taken into account the theme you have chosen, so we have selected some links on related topics in case they are of your interest.
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