Francesco Saverio Nitti Biography

Francesco Saverio Nitti

(Melfi, 1868-Rome, 1953) Italian politician and economist.He graduated from the University of Naples and devoted himself to journalism and teaching; in 1898 he was professor of Economic Sciences at the same university.His first studies contributed in an essential way to defining the question of the South, which he examined from the point of view of the distribution of state income, as for example in Il bilancio dello Stato from 1862 to 1896-1897 (1900), and especially in North and South (1902), in which the myth of southern parasitism was destroyed.

Francesco Nitti

Other studies from those years dealt with the issue of the distribution of private wealth ( La ricchezza dell'Italia , 1904) and hydroelectric energy, seen as an indispensable instrument for the industrialization of the South ( Le forze idrauliche d'Italia e la loro utilizzazione , 1906).His work Catholic Socialism should be highlighted.

He was a radical deputy (1904), Minister of Industry in the Giolitti government (1911-1914), Treasury Minister in the Orlando government (1917-1919) and President of the Council from 1919 to June of 1920.Some of his actions, such as a bill for the amnesty of deserters and an outline of the draft agreement with Yugoslavia, along with his fame as a man of the left, earned him the animosity of the right.His ministry, already troubled by the difficult situation of public order, also had to face the Fiume issue.

In 1920 he retired, leading the way to Giolitti's last cabinet.He had a keen intelligence and a very realistic temperament, and had no illusions about the European situation resulting from the peace treaties (he wrote, during those years L'Europa senza pace , 1921 and La decadenza dell'Europa , 1926).However, he was not skeptical enough not to realize the meaning of fascism, against which he spoke out with the utmost harshness, unlike many other politicians of democratic or liberal thought.

He had to go into exile in 1924, and contributed from abroad to anti-fascist campaigns (include, in French, La democratie , 1933 and La désagrégation de l'Europe , 1938).In 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported, and in the prison camp he wrote the memorial Rivelazioni.Dramatis Personae , published in 1948.His political behavior in the years after World War II was less linear: at times he adhered to the blocs of order and reconciliation, but at other times he pursued the political ideal of compromise common to all democratic left, within a European perspective, much more akin to its character.

Comments

Hevelius [Johannes Havelke] Biography

Hevelius [Johannes Havelke] (Danzig, 1611- id. , 1687) German astronomer.He drew up a first lunar map, published under the name Selenography (1647), in which he assigned names to the various features of the lunar surface and called the dark areas the sea.He determined the period of rotation of the Sun, observed its spots and discovered the faculae.In 1657 he began a catalog in which he determined the positions of 1,500 stars and that he could not finish because of a fire that destroyed his observatory (1679).

José Agustín Pérez del Pulgar Biography

José Agustín Pérez del Pulgar (Madrid, 1875-1939) Physicist and Spanish Jesuit.He was professor of physics in 1897 at the Chamartín de la Rosa school in Madrid, where he founded a meteorological observatory whose bulletin he directed between 1900 and 1904.He obtained a degree in physics in 1905 and moved to Belgium, Holland and Germany, where he carried out various theology courses. José Agustín Pérez del Pulgar A student of the eminent mathematicians David Hilbert and Felix Klein at the universities of Liège and Göttingen, his interest in mathematics led him to study geometry projective, particularly in aspects related to electrostatic theory, as reflected in works such as The theory of potential and the curvature of space (1907) or Stokes's theorem and the fundamental laws of electromagnetism (1913). He was the founder of the Catholic Institute of Arts and Industries of Madrid and of the School of mechanical-electric assemblers.In an article, published in 1915, entit...

Francisco Sá Carneiro Biography

Francisco Sá Carneiro (Francisco Lumbrales Sá Carneiro; Oporto, 1934-Lisbon, 1980) Portuguese politician and lawyer.Throughout his career, his membership in the National Salvation Board stands out in 1974, being a minister without portfolio in the Palma Carlos cabinet.Once the so-called Carnation Revolution ended, as secretary of the Popular Democratic Party, he got a seat that he renewed in 1976.From then on he was placed in the ranks of the Portuguese Social Democratic Party, a formation with which he triumphed in the December elections.1979, becoming Prime Minister in 1980. Sá Carneiro studied law at the University of Lisbon, joining the ranks of the Catholic Action Youth movement.It was not until 1969 that he began his career as a politician, practicing as a lawyer, meanwhile, in Porto.In the year indicated, elections were called for Marcelo Caetano, after Oliveira Salazar retired.Carneiro was unable to be elected, but Caetano counted on him, among others, to join the National...

Frank Lloyd Biography

Frank Lloyd (Glasgow, 1889-Santa Monica, 1960) American film director of British origin.He specialized in adventure films ( Cabalgata , 1933; Rebellion on board , 1935; Lords of the sea , 1939; Last order , 1955).

Gilbert Bécaud Biography

Gilbert Bécaud (François Silly, called Gilbert Bécaud, Toulon, 1927) French singer and composer.He was a pianist for E.Piaf and, from 1963, created a new type of melodic song.He has also composed a cantata, an opera and music for the cinema.

Josep Maria de Sagarra Biography

Josep Maria de Sagarra (Josep Maria de Sagarra i Castellarnau; Barcelona, 1894-1961) Spanish poet, playwright and storyteller in the Catalan language who was the most popular author on the Catalan scene during the decades of 1920 and 1930.Son of a linajuda native family of the region of La Segarra, his father, Ferran de Sagarra i de Siscar, was a notable historian and archaeologist specialized in stealth.Sagarra's literary vocation was manifested from his childhood: at the age of eight he wrote verses and performed comedies at home. Josep Maria de Sagarra He was educated with the Jesuits of Barcelona; one of his teachers, Father Moreu, encouraged him in his penchant for poetry.At the age of twelve he saw his first verses published, and in 1914 his first book appeared: Primer llibre de poemes .He studied Law at the University of Barcelona: among his friends and classmates were the poets Josep Maria López-Picó and Carles Riba.It was presented to Joan Maragall, who guessed i...

Jose Maria Nemesio Otaño Biography

José María Nemesio Otaño (José María Nemesio Otaño y Eguino, Azcoitia, 1880-San Sebastián, 1956) Spanish composer and musicologist, one of the essential figures in the reform of sacred music in Spain during the first half of the 20th century. He studied organ in Guipúzcoa and later counterpoint and composition with Vicente Goicoechea in Valladolid.In 1896 he entered the Society of Jesus and soon obtained the position of organist at the Loyola Basilica. In 1907 he organized the First National Congress of Sacred Music in Valladolid, and that same year he founded the magazine Hispanic Sacred Music , which, following the proposals of Pope Pius X, served to give new air to the religious music that had been performed in Spain until now. Since 1911 he was director of the choir of the Pontifical University of Comillas, which became a model of good functioning for other religious choral groups in Spain.Simultaneously, Otaño continued composing, giving classes and organizing activities...

Josef Willem Mengelberg Biography

Josef Willem Mengelberg (Utrecht, 1871-Zuort, 1951) Dutch conductor.He studied in his hometown with Richard Hol, Henri Wilhelm Petri and Anton Averkamp and later moved to Cologne (Germany), in whose conservatory he studied theory and counterpoint with G.Jensen, piano with I.Seiss and organ with F.W.Franke, in addition to directing and composing with Franz Wüllner. He was musical director of the Lucerne Conservatory in 1892 and years later, in 1895, he obtained the position of director of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra, a position he held until 1945.He also continued directing the Museum Concerts group in Frankfurt between 1907 and 1920.From 1899 he annually conducted the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir in its interpretation of the Passion According to Saint Matthew by JS Bach. He also conducted the American National Symphony Orchestra in New York between 1920 and 1929 and was principal conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra from 1921 until he left it due to differen...

Carolingian dynasty Biography

Carolingian Dynasty Family reigning between the middle of the 8th century and the beginning of the 10th century in practically all of Western Europe (except for the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy and the British Isles).It gets its name from the two most prominent figures of the dynasty, Carlos Martel and Charlemagne.It was originally a Germanic noble family settled in Austrasia, in the area between the Meuse and the Rhine rivers; a first attempt to seize the Throne from the Merovingians in the mid-seventh century ended in failure, without the reprisals affecting the family patrimony.From now on, the family preferred to grow up under the Merovingian monarchy, whose decomposition left effective power in the hands of the mayordomos of the palaces of the different territories. Pepin II of Herstal (679-714) , steward of Austrasia, managed to seize the rule of the Frankish kingdom by defeating the steward of Neustria and Burgundy.His bastard son Carlos Martel (714-41) re-establis...

Egon Eiermann Biography

Egon Eiermann (Neuendorf, 1904-Baden-Baden, 1970) German architect.He was a disciple of H.Poelzig and was influenced by Mies van der Rohe.He brought the rationalist tradition to the utmost technological and functional refinement (Blumberg handkerchief factory, Merkur department store in Stuttgart).

History Today Online

Search This Blog